The capstone workshop schedule will be posted here soon (Friday’s 5-6:30PM on Zoom).

Projects on Offer

1. Understanding and Predicting Dzud Events and Their Impacts in Middle and High Latitude Drylands

Led by Professor Kyle McDonald (Earth and Atmospheric Sciences)

Objective:
Students will characterize dzud event risk and severity, assessing relationships between remote sensing

datasets (e.g. soil moisture, vegetation stress, landscape freeze/thaw state), dzud events, and associated socioeconomic impacts. Based on this analysis, students will develop an assessment framework for use in risk mitigation strategies. The understanding gained supports integration of physical and social sciences into decision making for anticipatory action.

Background:
Drylands in the middle and high latitudes have harsh environments with characteristically cold and arid

climates. The livelihoods of the people inhabiting these areas are threatened by constant climate-related natural hazards. Dzud is the Mongolian term for a natural disaster resulting from harsh winter conditions that reduce availability or accessibility of pastures, leading to an extensive loss of livestock/wildlife from either starvation or cold during the winter-spring. These events occur in grasslands and tundra in significant portions of the mid to high latitudes, covering approximately 45% of Earth’s terrestrial area. In Central Asia, these events have significant humanitarian impacts because they affect local livestock populations, especially in Mongolia where approximately 30% of the workforce is dependent on herding for a substantial part of their livelihoods. In North America, these events are called winter kill, and they can result in massive die-offs of wildlife.

The current dzud early warning system in Mongolia has been in place since 2015 and is developed by the Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (Mongolia) in collaboration with Nagoya University in Japan. However, fully characterizing summer and winter conditions associated with dzud risk has been a challenge, and false positives associated with prediction of dzud events are high.

This capstone study seeks to employ state-of-the-art remote sensing datasets collected from Earth orbit to develop risk and severity assessments for dzud events and associated socioeconomic impacts to inhabitants of dzud-prone regions. Initial emphasis will be on the dryland steppe of Mongolia where records of dzud events are available. Extension to other parts of the terrestrial high latitudes will include analysis of die-off events in North America.

Suggested Approaches:

1. (i)  Investigate the relationship between dzud event occurrence, non-frozen season soil moisture (SM)conditions, vegetation water stress, and winter/autumn/spring freeze/thaw (FT) state conditions using remote sensing datasets, ground-based station data, and dzud occurrence data. NASA’s Soil Moisture Active-Passive (SMAP) mission provides SM and land surface FT state datasets beginning in 2015. NASA’s ECOSTRESS mission provides vegetation water stress and precision thermal data characterizing surface temperature for approximately the last three years. Explore the role of FT timing and past summer SM for different vegetation zones in Mongolia.
2. (ii)  Produce remote sensing-informed dzud risk maps based on prior summer soil moisture, current freeze/thaw state conditions, and ancillary datasets through an analysis conducted in a GIS framework supporting multi-criteria decision analysis.
3. (iii)  Extend results to the regions of the global middle and high latitudes.
4. (iv)  Conduct risk and socioeconomic impact assessments.

Students should be comfortable working with computer analysis tools and a GIS analysis framework.

This project will be carried out in collaboration with scientists from the Carbon Cycle and Ecosystems group in the Division of Science at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.

2. Creating Living Biomaterials from Photosynthetic Microorganisms

Led by Professor Lane Gilchrist (Chemical Engineering)

Objective

After researching living biomaterials, propose a sustainable biomaterial design that can solve a bioremediation problem.

Background

New biomaterials with an extraordinary combination of properties can be fashioned from living cells, including the ability to self-heal and adapt to changing environmental conditions. The metabolic functions of the living cells contained within the biomaterial structures can be used for heavy metal and toxic compound bioremediation with the cellular polymers forming load bearing structures that can be grown in place. In suitable designs they can self-assemble autonomously and grow into prepatterned structures, forming novel sustainable and economical biomaterials that harness cellular functions and structural elements.

Suggested Approach

(i) Initiation of the project by undertaking an extensive literature review of photosynthetic organisms and sustainable biomaterials.

(ii) Find a viable application for the engineered living material and compare with other abiotic systems currently applied.

(iii) Select different base microorganisms from different photosynthetic species based on biomaterial forming potential. Determine their growth characteristics and potential viability within renewable polymer matrices. Design an starting living biomaterial combination of organism and matrix and assess the performance characteristics in the desired application. Perform a comparative sustainability analysis of the living biomaterial, using life cycle assessment.

(iv) Time permitting, work with a bioengineering lab to collaborate on the implementation of the design.

3. Designing a Circular Waste System for CCNY: From Audit to Action

Led by Jake Weinberger, CCNY Sustainability Coordinator

Objective

• A student would develop a comprehensive strategy to move CCNY toward zero waste, combining data-driven waste analysis with behavioral and infrastructure solutions. It would go beyond recycling rates to address waste reduction at the source, material recovery, and community engagement.

Background

• The City College of New York (CCNY) has made notable progress in improving its waste management and recycling systems as part of its broader sustainability commitments. The college supports recycling of common materials such as paper, cardboard, metals, glass, plastics, and cartons, as well as specialized waste streams like e-waste, batteries, universal waste, and construction debris. Facilities and Environmental Health & Occupational Safety oversee collection and disposal, while a partnership with the NYC Department of Sanitation allows CCNY to track outgoing waste and analyze consumption pattern. The campus has also begun standardizing waste and recycling stations to reduce confusion and improve sorting accuracy. Waste audits conducted in campus buildings, such as the NAC and Marshak Science Building, have provided detailed insights into waste composition and diversion rates. These audits found weak recycling capture rates (figures here). Areas for improvement (contamination rates here) and significant quantities of compostable or recyclable materials still end up in the landfill stream. Compostable materials made up roughly (figure here) of the waste in some audits, suggesting the need for expanded composting infrastructure and education. The college has piloted specialized programs, such as lab-plastic recycling with Polycarbin, and promoted behavioral initiatives like reusable bottle campaigns and clearer signage. However, challenges remain in reducing contamination, expanding compost collection, and ensuring consistent bin design and placement across campus. These findings demonstrate that CCNY has a strong foundation of policies, infrastructure, and engagement, yet significant opportunities exist to move toward a circular waste system that minimizes disposal, maximizes diversion, and fosters a culture of sustainability among the campus community. 

Suggested Approaches 

• Understand the campus’s waste baseline (by weight, type, and location).
• Develop a model for potential diversion rate improvement, incorporating composting, reuse, and purchasing policies.
• Create a circular materials management plan with policy recommendations for procurement, events, and dining services.
• Conduct a cost-benefit analysis comparing current waste hauling fees versus potential savings from diversion and reuse. 

4. An analysis of the economic and environmental impact of the U.S. EPA’s Brownfields and Land Revitalization programs in New York, New Jersey, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. 

Led by Professor Angelo Lampousis (Earth and Atmospheric Sciences)

Objective

Perform research evaluating the costs for environmental assessments, site characterization, and ultimate clean up and remediation of New York’s and New Jersey’s most contaminated sites.  Make recommendations for prioritizing the selection of candidate sites for environmental clean-up and redevelopment based on the estimated benefits in the annual household income of communities surrounding these sites.  

Background

A brownfield is a property where expansion, redevelopment or reuse may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant or contaminant.  

EPA’s Brownfields Program supports land revitalization by providing grants and technical assistance to help communities clean up and sustainably reuse brownfield sites. The program distributes funds appropriated annually by Congress through competitive grants, non-competitive funding and technical assistance.

EPA’s Land Revitalization Program goes beyond site assessment and cleanup to support local community efforts to identify practical reuse options, remove barriers to site reuse, integrate sustainable and equitable approaches and attract resources. Land revitalization includes several different types of site reuse planning activities that can help communities understand local market conditions, financial feasibility and site design reuse scenarios.

This project will begin by analyzing the history of EPA funding in New York, New Jersey, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands and its economic and environmental impact effect on the surrounding communities. Finally, the study will focus on specific sites, and for each will propose site design reuse scenarios. 

Suggested Approaches

Understand the science of Phase I and Phase II environmental site assessments, site characterization, environmental clean-up and remediation. Create visualizations of the economic and environmental impact of the U.S. EPA’s Brownfields program in New York and New Jersey over time using GIS.

Identify practical reuse options, remove barriers to site reuse, integrate sustainable and equitable approaches and attract resources.

Pre-requisites/Ideal Team

The ideal team would be interdisciplinary including environmental engineering, architecture, economics, planning, and policy. Students would be expected to take Environmental Site Assessment courses. 

Recommended Reading

• ASTM E1527-21 Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process
• ASTM E1903-19 Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase II Environmental Site Assessment Process
• The Brown Agenda by Richard Fuller and Damon DiMarco. 

5. Climate Justice Hub Partner Organization Support Project

Led by Katherine Gloede Silverman and an NYC EJA Organization (TBD)

Objective

A team of graduate students will produce research-driven deliverables set forth by an NYC Environmental Justice Alliance Organization through the NYC Climate Justice Hub to support organizational needs and goals. Examples could include (but are not limited to): an NYC Open Data mapping project, a toolkit of relevant financial resources, a framework for a necessary Citizen Science endeavor, a curriculum guide for working with local schools. 

Background

Launched in September 2023, the NYC Climate Justice Hub is a partnership between the City University of New York (CUNY)—the nation’s largest public urban university—and the NYC Environmental Justice Alliance (NYC-EJA)—a coalition of grassroots organizations who have led the fight for climate justice in NYC since 1991. By uniting CUNY and NYC-EJA, the Hub strengthens and fortifies just transition efforts led by frontline communities of color across NYC.

The Hub’s mission is to support NYC-EJA’s efforts to advance climate justice for New York City’s underserved, working-class Black and Brown communities. The Hub accomplishes this through the creation and the activation of new and existing trans-disciplinary systems and cross-sectoral networks that ensure CUNY robustly supports NYC-EJA—and the coalition of organizations and campaigns it brings together—in their efforts to accelerate “just transitions” in NYC. Through the creation of research teams, educational platforms, and a leadership development “vine,” the Hub prepares a generation of CUNY students to enter the workforce as climate leaders, operationalizes climate justice infrastructure at CUNY, and advances NYC-EJA’s transformative research agenda.

The NYC Climate Justice Hub is the largest of several “hubs” that have been created around the nation through a series of generous grants from the Waverley Street Foundation. This initiative supports minority-serving universities to work with place-based environmental justice organizations to advance the interests and aspirations of frontline communities most impacted by climate change. The current grant under which the NYC Climate Justice Hub is operating is for a 2-year pilot (2023-2025), with opportunities for future funding. See more information here: https://centerforthehumanities.org/programming/nyc-climate-justice-hub. 

Suggested Approaches 

-Work with a partnering NYC Environmental Justice Alliance Organization and point person to establish project goals and deliverables that meet the needs of the Organization and the interests and strengths of the student team. 

-Learn about the Organization’s work and develop an interdisciplinary, engaged approach to producing deliverables.

-Meet with the Organization’s point person monthly to keep process of producing deliverables informed and iterative. 

6. Climate Justice and Urban Heat in NYC

Led by Zihao Zhang (Landscape Architecture)

Objective

This research investigates the intersection of climate justice and urban design/planning in cities such as New York, with a specific focus on extreme heat as a critical urban climate challenge. The project aims to generate insights and actionable recommendations for policymakers, practitioners, and community stakeholders seeking to mitigate heat vulnerability and advance climate justice in densely populated, diverse urban environments.

Background

This project continues the “Climate Justice” capstone series launched in 2023.

• 2023–24 team examined climate justice through literature review, public forums, community advisory groups, and expert dialogues, with special attention to decoloniality, community engagement, and climate gentrification.
• 2024–25 team focused on green roofs as a climate adaptation strategy in New York City, exploring their potential through policy, technology, and design lenses.

Building on this foundation, the 2025–26 research team will foreground extreme heat as a pressing and inequitable hazard. Rising temperatures disproportionately impact low-income communities, immigrants, and communities of color, who often face limited access to cooling infrastructure, shaded public space, or political representation.

By examining how urban design decisions and planning frameworks can either reduce or exacerbate heat risks, this project will deepen understanding of climate justice in New York City. It will also contribute to the Department of Energy–funded Resilience Lighthouse project, offering students opportunities to collaborate with climate scientists working on the frontlines of adaptation.

Approaches / Methods

• Literature review of climate justice, urban heat vulnerability, and adaptation strategies.
• Community engagement through public forums to document lived experiences of extreme heat and cooling inequities.
• Expert interviews with policymakers, practitioners, climate scientists and scholars focused on heat resilience, housing, and public health.
• Geospatial analysis and GIS-based story mapping to visualize spatial patterns of heat exposure, vulnerability, displacement, and resilience.

7. Green Stormwater Infrastructure for a Resilient CCNY Campus

Led by Jake Weinberger, CCNY Sustainability Coordinator

Objective

• A student would assess stormwater runoff across the CCNY campus and propose a set of green infrastructure (GI) interventions – such as bioswales, permeable pavements, or green roofs – to reduce flooding and improve water quality before discharge into NYC’s combined sewer system. 

Background

• The City College of New York (CCNY) sits atop the historic Hamilton Heights ridge in Upper Manhattan – a dense, highly urbanized environment characterized by extensive impervious surfaces such as rooftops, concrete plazas, and paved roadways. Like most of New York City (NYC), the area is served by a combined sewer system (CSS), which collects both stormwater and sanitary sewage in the same pipes. During heavy rain events, this system exceeds capacity, causing combined sewer overflows (CSOs) that discharge untreated wastewater into the Harlem and Hudson Rivers. Every additional gallon of rainwater that runs off CCNY’s impermeable surfaces contributes to this regional issue. Currently, much of the campus landscape – especially the North Campus quadrangle and surrounding streets – lacks permeable areas or vegetated buffers to absorb rainfall. Stormwater instead flows rapidly into catch basins and drains, increasing both the volume and velocity of runoff entering the city’s storm sewer network. NYC’s climate projections anticipate a 25-50% increase in the frequency of intense rainfall events by mid-century. This poses a significant threat to older urban campuses like CCNY that were not designed for modern precipitation patterns. The sloped topography of the campus – particularly the steep grade from Amsterdam Ave down to Convent Avenue – further accelerates runoff, increasing the likelihood of ponding, flooding, and infrastructure stress at lower elevations. Expanding GSI – such as bioswales, rain gardens, green roofs, and permeable pavements – can slow, capture, and treat stormwater at its source, improving campus resilience to extreme precipitation while reducing maintenance costs and flood damage over time. Without more green infrastructure, CCNY’s built environment will remain highly vulnerable to the combined pressures of aging storm drains, more frequent cloudbursts, and the heat island effect from extensive hardscape surfaces. Stormwater runoff from urban surfaces collects pollutants – oil, litter, heavy metals, and sediments – before entering the city’s sewer system. During overflow events, this polluted mixture discharges directly into local waterways, degrading water quality and harming aquatic life. Additionally, vegetated landscapes reduce urban heat island effects, improve air quality, and enhance biodiversity on campus – providing habitat for pollinators and birds. 

Suggested Approaches

• Create a stormwater runoff and infiltration map of the campus using GIS and modeling tools.
• Develop a prioritized GI implementation plan identifying high-impact zones.
• Produce concepts designs for proposed interventions.
• Draft a technical and financial feasibility report with recommendations for next steps and potential external funding.

8. Mapping Riverine Wetland Ecology with Bronx River Alliance 

Faculty Mentor: Prof. Kyle McDonald, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, co-developed by SUS student Snow Schwartz

Co-Advisor:       Christian Murphy, Bronx River Alliance

Objective:

This capstone team will partner with the Bronx River Alliance to build interactive digital maps of wetlands ecosystems along the Bronx River corridor, focusing on the interconnections between local vegetation communities, biodiversity, wetlands habitat health, and urban development. The goal is to support the Bronx River Alliance’s wetlands restoration initiatives by informing on the current state of these biomes while advancing data collection and community engagement related to restoration efforts and ecology.  

Background:

Urban wetlands provide many critical ecosystem services including filtering stormwater, reducing flood risk, replenishing groundwater, mitigating urban heat effect, and providing habitat to wildlife. Additionally, they serve as vital green spaces amidst the built environment, and present opportunities for urban communities to learn about and engage with their local ecologies. Wetlands along the Bronx River have been significantly altered by direct human interventions (e.g. industrialization), advancing invasive species, pollution, and altered regional hydrology along the river. In order to restore and protect the remaining wetlands, a consistently engaged community of informed local stewards is necessary. This project will use digital ecosystem mapping to enhance community knowledge of the complex inter-special relationships within wetland ecologies and participation in restoration efforts. 

Suggested Approaches:

1. Develop a set of measurable factors for assessing riverine wetland health. 
2. Create outlines for final map visualizations, and identify data and other information required for each map
3. Collect data on the selected criteria and the local biodiversity within the wetlands along the Bronx River.
4. Build interactive maps for exploring complex interspecies dynamics and relationships of ecological communities to overall wetland health.
5. Organize public engagement sessions to share maps with community surrounding the Bronx River.

Students should be comfortable working with computer analysis tools and a GIS analysis framework.

9. Harlem Retrofit Lab and Design Partnership (Phase V)

Led by Michael Bobker, Director of the CUNY Building Performance Lab

Objective

The overall goal of this project is to develop a connected energy community through a technology/leadership organization – Harlem Community Energy – that will promote energy reliability, resiliency, efficiency, and carbon reduction, with community engagement and benefits, deploying retrofit technologies and follow-on management for a low-carbon and grid-interactive Harlem neighborhood. 

The project will provide a replicable template for district-scale energy services in dense urban neighborhoods. In addition to technical feasibility and benefits, the project will model organizational relationships incorporating major institutions, community organizations, utility companies, and city government.  

A key objective is to operationalize concepts such as Deep Energy Retrofit and Virtual Power Plant, making them accessible and useful for community planning and outreach.  Each successive capstone team’s objective is to learn from and build upon previous teams’ work, making definable incremental progress while also providing the basis for next steps by teams that will follow.  In this process students will be exposed to real-world challenges, cutting-edge concepts, and applications of great value in professional practice and community energy planning.  

Background

The project is a multi-year effort under the auspices of the CCNY Harlem Retrofit Lab, founded and led by Michael Bobker. To date, four rounds of capstone teams have articulated deep energy retrofit technologies and technology packages for typical apartment buildings and rowhouses, incorporating Passive House envelopes, heat recovery, EV charging, energy storage, and heat pump electrification. Retrofits would incorporate sensors and controls for coordinated interaction with the electric grid, applying the concepts of GEB (Grid-interactive Energy-efficient Buildings) and DERMS (Distributed Energy Resource Management Systems) as currently under development and piloting at US DOE National Labs. The intent is that this knowledge can be communicated to support property owners in their decision-making and planning. Financing sources have been investigated but investment performance remains a major challenge. Community engagements have been initiated and a funding proposal developed albeit to date unsuccessful. 

Suggested Approaches / Next Step Options

The Capstone Team will extend and deepen application concepts and relationships through one or more of the action-steps below, to be selected in discussion with the project mentor.  

• Conduct technology-specific research, connecting with specialized designers and vendors 
• Investigate forms of incorporation and engage community leaders as potential members of a Board of Directors, including possible “university seminar”  
• Define a “Benefit Stack” including quantification of non-financial benefits.  
• Develop template project finance packages and training program for financial packagers
• Develop and use a District Energy Model, working with other university researchers 
• Develop community-oriented training programs specific to Deep Energy Retrofits and/or Virtual Power Plant operation and plan outreach to target audience(s)

10. Assessing Water Security in Ukraine:
Monitoring Changes in Fresh Water Resources and Associated Societal Impacts with Remote Sensing Datasets

Led by Prof. Kyle McDonald (Earth and Atmospheric Sciences)

Objective:
The objective of this project is to develop remote sensing-based assessments of fresh water resources in Ukraine from time periods extending from pre-conflict to the present, quantify changes in those resources resulting from the on-going war in Ukraine, and assess societal impacts associated with effects of the war on Ukraine’s water resources. Project efforts will focus on the Dnieper River basin and regions of conflict therein.

Background:
The current war in Ukraine drives an urgent need for actionable information to address response and recovery issues associated with damage to Ukraine’s infrastructure and environment. This includes assessments of damage to infrastructure associated with Ukraine’s fresh water resources. The Dnieper River basin provides Ukraine’s primary source of fresh water for human consumption and agricultural irrigation. Much of this water is stored (impounded) in reservoirs, ponds, and lakes., many of which are artificial, having been constructed in the 1960s. Individual water bodies range in size from a few to several hundred hectares. Remote sensing imagery from Earth-orbiting Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is well-suited to monitoring surface water and changes in surface water associated with such water bodies over broad regions. This project will employ remote sensing data from multiple sources to assess areal changes in lakes, ponds and reservoirs associated with the war in Ukraine, and relate this change to associated threats to Ukraine’s water security. Regional-specific analyses will consider changes in occupied territories and assessment of water use through census records.

Suggested Approaches:

1. Develop annual and seasonal maps of water reservoirs, lakes, and ponds using multiple sources of radar and optical remote sensing image data including SAR remote sensing imagery from the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Sentinel-1 satellite, the Japanese space agency (JAXA) ALOS PALSAR and ALOS-2 PALSAR 2 satellites, and USGS Landsat and ESA Sentinel-2 satellites.
2. Using these remote sensing products, assess distribution and change in distribution of reservoirs, lakes, and ponds across multiple years extending from pre-conflict time periods to the present.
3. Assess societal impacts related to, e.g., water resources for consumptive use and irrigation, associated with the war in Ukraine.
4. Assess improvements to remote sensing products provided by the NASA-ISRO SAR (NISAR) satellite (https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/) as datasets come available \ after its operation begins (presently expected before the end of 2024), and from NASA’s Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite (https://swot.jpl.nasa.gov/), launched in December 2022.

Remote sensing analyses will be carried out using tools available on-line, such as ESA’s SNAP toolbox, Google Earth Engine, and QGIS. Students should be comfortable working with or motivated to learn computer analysis tools and a GIS analysis framework to support analysis of remote sensing data.

This project will be carried out in collaboration with scientists from the NATO Climate Change and Security Center of Excellence (CCASCOE), Montreal, Canada, and the Earth Science Section in the Division of Science at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.

11. Fence-line Communities: Effects on Human Health, Ecosystems, and Social Equity

Led by Prof. Susan Kaplan (Architecture)

Objective

Investigate the actual health, ecological, and social equity impacts experienced by a local fence line community. Explore community efforts to combat negative impacts. In conjunction with local community groups contribute to possible mitigating solutions.

Background

Investigate the reasons that the specific neighborhood became a fence line community. How did the historical financial, the ethnographic, and physical location of the area contribute the current conditions? What factors are allowing for the perpetuation of the situation?

What is the history of the advocacy for the community?

What was the original ecological history of the target area?

What is the history of the specific facilities and conditions that created the community ‘s problems?

Suggested Approaches

Choose a specific fence line community in the immediate tri-state area.

Connect with community representatives that are currently working to improve the community and explore their efforts and challenges.

Potentially contact existing reports of direct medical impacts of living in the target area.

Connect the problems of the community with larger concerns of climate change, toxic exposures, and social equity.

12. Local NYC Drought Impacts for Local NYC Response Policy Development

Faculty: Nir Krakauer (Civil Engineering)

Client Organization/Key Collaborators:  Mayor’s Office of Climate and Environmental Justice, NYC DEP, NYC DOHMH, NYC Parks; plus Town+Gown:NYC project facilitation services

Background: NYC faces the potential of drought conditions for its water supply system, which draws water from upstate,  but drought conditions also occur in NYC itself.

Objective:  The City is looking for a thorough review of observed and potential drought impacts in New York City (excluding the effect of drought in the City water supply), including localized impacts on green space, green infrastructure, air quality, urban natural systems, and others.  While the City has other efforts ongoing about regional water supply issues and drought, it is thinking about local impacts on a broader range of services and infrastructure. 

Tasks (Including Data): Data sources could include observations from past droughts, data on green infrastructure performance and maintenance, tree canopy coverage data, heat and air quality observations, public health metrics, etc.  It would be helpful to see case studies of other drought-affected cities for proposed intervention strategies before, during, and after periods of drought to mitigate observed harms.  Town+Gown:NYC can make connections for interviews in Los Angeles, where drought conditions have manifested within Los Angeles in addition to its various water supply areas.

Deliverables:  Final report with recommendations